Pancreas

The pancreas is an important organ in the abdominal cavity that is part of the digestive system and the endocrine system. It has a dual function: it helps digest food and regulate blood sugar levels.

It is located behind the stomach and near the duodenum (the initial part of the small intestine). It has an elongated shape and consists of three parts:

• Head: The widest part that meets the duodenum.
• Body: The central part.
• Tail: The narrow end point that is closer to the spleen.

Functions of the pancreas

 Exocrine function:

Secretion of digestive enzymes that are essential for the breakdown of food:

• Amylase: Breaks down carbohydrates.
• Lipase: Breaks down fats.
• Proteases (e.g. trypsin): Breaks down proteins.

These enzymes travel through the pancreatic duct to the duodenum, where they help digest ingested food.

Endocrine function:

The pancreas produces hormones that regulate sugar metabolism:

• Insulin: Lowers blood sugar by stimulating glucose entry into cells.
• Glucagon: Increases blood sugar levels by releasing glucose from stores in the liver.
• Somatostatin: Slows the release of other hormones and digestive enzymes.

Common diseases of the pancreas

Pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas):

• Acute pancreatitis: Comes on quickly and is often caused by gallstones or alcohol.
• Chronic pancreatitis: A long-term condition that can lead to tissue damage.
• Symptoms: upper abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting.

Diabetes mellitus:

• Type 1: The pancreas does not produce insulin.
• Type 2: Cells become resistant to insulin.

Pancreatic cancer:

A serious disease that is often detected late. Symptoms are vague, such as weight loss, abdominal pain, jaundice.

Cysts or benign tumors:

They are often asymptomatic, but in some cases they can cause complications.

Pancreatic Care

• Reduce alcohol intake.
• Maintain a healthy, low-fat diet.
• Avoid obesity and control blood sugar.
• Consult a doctor for any prolonged abdominal pain.